去年,我在搜索關于18世紀在福州殉教的白多禄的文獻時,偶然撞上了brender.eu這個德文網站(Katholische Bischofe in China),里面記錄了中華地區各教區載于歷史的歷任教長信息,終于為我理順了福州主教的年代表。我現把這些人物的信息按歷史年代排序,呈現在這里。可惜的是,網站上沒有直接列出這些人物屬于哪個修會,我只能從其他渠道獲得信息并補充進來。福州教區最早是於1680年由天主教科欽代牧區分設的天主教福建代牧區,到了1883年福建代牧區南北分治後,福州成為福建北境代牧區主教堂所在地(福州澳尾巷天主堂),1923年以後,福建北境代牧區又進一步分片,福州為福州代牧區之所在,1946年升格為福州總教區,本文所列的主教即歷史上的福建代牧區、福建北境代牧區、福州代牧區和福州總教區的歷任主教。由于我本人天主教知識的匱乏,加之原網站上的文字都是以拉丁文記錄的,因而若在宗教名詞、包括神職名稱的翻譯上有錯誤的話,希望能夠得到原諒和指正。
Established for 320 years, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Foochow (Fuzhou) remains somewhat mysterious to me, even though I was born in the catholic influenced town of Luoyuan(Lo-nguong) in northern Fuzhou and many of my family members are catholic. This is partly due to the fact that Roman catholic church in Fuzhou was banned many times in history and remained underground for over half of the time since its establishment in 1680. Even after the relegalization of catholicism in 1842, the catholic church of Foochow was still much less open and active, compared to their newly arrived protestant counterparts in the 19th century. The other reason is that the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Foochow had been dominated by Spanish Dominican missionaries for a long time, thus most documents on Foochow catholicism were written in Spanish - a language I'm incapable of reading. Therefore, while the British and American protestant missionaries left rich archives on protestant churches in Fuzhou, as well as precious documents and photographs on almost every aspect of this land, there is only very limited information from their catholic collegues, at least as it appears to me. Since the 1950's, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Fuzhou has seen the eviction of foreign missionaries, the Three-Self Patriotic Movement,the Cultural Revolution and the breaking up of the catholic church into an underground church (faithful to the Holy See) and a patriotic church (controlled by the government), which makes the history of Fuzhou catholicism unclear to most Foochowese people, even to most catholic in Fuzhou.
My effort here is to present Foochow catholic ordinaries in the past 300 years with brief introductions about each bishop (archbishop). The Archdiocese of Fuzhou was Apostolic Vicariate of Fujian (Fo-kien) before 1883, and Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Fo-kien between 1883 and 1923, and Apostolic Vicariate of Fuzhou between 1923 and 1946. I hope this article can give Foochowese catholic and those who are interested in Roman catholicism in Fuzhou a general idea of the history of Foochow catholicism.
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The 1st bishop (1680-1684): François Pallu (Chinese name:陸方濟, 1626.8.31-1683.10.29), a French missionary of the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris. He died in Moyang, Fu'an, Fujian (I believe the statement in English wikipedia that Pallu died in Muyang, Jiangsu 江苏沭阳 is wrong).
第2任主教(1684-1687):伊大任(Bernardino Della Chiesa,1644.5.8-1721.12.21),義大利人,1644年5月8日生于義大利威尼斯,屬于方濟會,1680年-1684年擔任福建教區(福州)助理主教,1684年10月29日被選為福建教區(福州)主教,1687年離任,1690年又到北京郊區任職,1721年逝於山東臨清。
The 2nd bishop (1684-1687): Bernardino Della Chiesa (伊大任, 1644.5.8-1721.12.21), an Italian Franciscan who later left for Beijing.
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The 3rd bishop (1687): Francisco Varo (萬濟國, 1627.10.21-1687), a Spanish Dominican who was executed by the Chinese Ming government during the ban of catholicism.
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The 4th bishop (1687-1708): Charles Maigrot (顏璫, 1652-1730.2.28), a French missionary of the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris. An important figure in the Chinese Rites controversy, Maigrot strongly advocated the banning of Chinese Rites among Chinese catholic, which led to the breakup of China – Holy See relation and the following banning of Christianity and persecution of Chinese Christians. He could speak Min language (probably Eastern Min), but not Mandarin.
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The 5th bishop (1718-1732): Magino Ventallol (馬熹諾, 1647.3.26-1732.1.3), a Spanish Dominican who later died in Canton (Guangdong).
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The 6th bishop (1732-1747): San Pedro Sanz y Jordá (聖白多祿, 1680.9.2-1747.5.26), a Spanish Dominican. He is a martyr, and may be the most famous bishop in Eastern Fujian (Fuzhou and Ningde), who was executed in Fuzhou by the Chinese Qing government for his underground missionary work. He is still a popular figure among local catholic.
第7任主教(1747-1748):聖德方濟(Francisco Serrano Frías,1695.12.4-1748.9.28),西班牙人,1695年12月4日生于西班牙加的斯,屬于道明會,1745年9月22日起擔任福建教區助理主教,1747年5月26日白多祿被殺害後擔任主教,他也沒能逃過禁教風波,於1748年9月28日被清政府處決於福州。他於1893年被封聖。
The 7th bishop (1747-1748): Francisco Serrano Frías (聖德方濟, 1695.12.4-1748.9.28), a Spanish Dominican martyr who was also persecuted and executed by the Qing government.
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The 8th bishop (1753-1778): Francisco Pallas y Faro (黃方濟各/巴方濟, 1706.12.3-1778.3.6), a Spanish Dominican who died in Ke-sen, Fu'an (福安溪前, today's 溪填).
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The 9th bishop (1781-1812): Jose Calvo (高若瑟, 1739-1812.10.15), a Spanish Dominican who worked in Fujian for 42 years and died in Ciu-suei, Tap-san near Ningde.
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The 10th bishop (1812-1841): Roque José Carpegna Díaz (羅羅各, 1760.8.18-1845.12.30), a Spanish Dominican who was expertise in Chinese culture and died in Tingtao, Fu'an (福安頂頭). Tomás Sála (林查拉), also a Spanish Dominican, was the coadjutor during that time.
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The 11th bishop (1841-1883): Miguel Calderon (高彌額, 1803.12.4-1883.2.14), a Spanish Dominican. He experienced the relegalization of Roman Catholicism in Fuzhou after the First Opium War. The coadjutors at his time were Thomas Badia (1842-1844, Spanish Dominican), Justo Alfonso Aguilar (1848-1865, Spanish Dominican), Vincent Ferrér Carreras (1866-1867, Spanish Dominican) and an Italian Dominican Tommaso Maria Gentili (1868-1883).
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Tommaso Maria Gentili (李宏治, or李玛素, 李玛笃,陳砥礪), an Italian Dominican. He was another famous catholic missionary in Fuzhou, who converted many Foochow Tanka people (福州疍民), who were discriminated as the low caste in traditional Fuzhou society, to Christianity. He also built the famous Cathedral of St. Dominic in Fanchuanpu (泛船浦天主堂) in 1868, which is now the seat of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Fuzhou. A chorograph of Fuzhou says that Gentili became the first bishop when the new Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Fo-kien was established in Fuzhou. But as an Italian in this Spanish dominated church, he was later isolated and expelled by his Spanish collegues.
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The 12th bishop (1884-1911): Salvador Masót y Gómez (蘇瑪素, 1845.11.18-1911.3.17), a Spanish Dominican.
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The 13th bishop (1911-1941): Francisco Aguirre (宋金鈴, 1863.2.22-1941.6.13), a Spanish Dominican. He founded charities in Fuzhou. In 1932, he also helped rebuild the Qiyang Catholic Church in my hometown Luoyuan into the first concrete structure in town, after the former church was destroyed in a typhoon in 1931. He died in Fuzhou in 1941.
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The 14th bishop and the 1st archbishop of Fuzhou (1946-1980): Theodore Labrador Fraile (趙炳文, 1888.11.11-1980.5.6), a Spanish Dominican. Because he was evicted by the Chinese Communist government in 1951, he was actually the last archbishop of Fuzhou directly appointed by the Holy See. He was the founder of Chinese Dominican Sisters in Sanduao, Ningde (寧德三都澳) in 1932. He later left Spain for Taiwan in 1973 and died there in 1980.